Welsh exonyms
The modern Welsh language contains names for many towns and other geographical features in Great Britain and elsewhere. Names of places outside Wales are exonyms.
In some cases, these derive from the Brythonic names which were used during or before the Roman occupation: for example, Llundain (London), Cernyw (Cornwall), Dyfnaint (Devon), and Ebrauc / Efrog (York). In Britain, towns were a Roman innovation. Many English county towns, founded as Roman castra and now having the English suffix "-c(h)ester", have Welsh names, in most cases using the prefix Caer-. Examples include Caer or Caerlleon (for Chester), Caerloyw (Gloucester), Caerwrangon (Worcester), Caergrawnt (Cambridge), and Caerwynt (Winchester). In some other cases, Welsh names are translations of the English name, often influenced by the Welsh poetic tradition — for example, Rhydychen (literally, "oxen ford") for Oxford, and Gwlad-yr-haf ("land of summer") for Somerset. Some English cities which have developed more recently, but with which Welsh people have had commercial links through trading or other economic associations such as through population migration, have developed Welsh forms of their English names. Examples are Bryste (Bristol) and Lerpwl (Liverpool). A final set of Welsh placenames are those for settlements in England which lie close to the modern border with Wales. In some cases, such as Ross-on-Wye (Rhosan-ar-Wy) and probably Leominster (Llanllieni), the English name seems to have derived from the Welsh name. In other cases, such as Llwydlo (Ludlow) and Henffordd (Hereford), the Welsh name derived from the English name of the settlement.
Below are lists of Welsh exonyms.
England
Scotland
Ireland
Isle of Man
| Welsh name |
Manx Gaelic name |
English name |
| Ynys Manaw |
Ellan Vannin |
Isle of Man |
British overseas territories
Europe and the Mediterranean
| Welsh name |
Native name |
English name |
Alpau
(historically Mynydd Mynnau)
|
Alp, Alpe, Alpen, Alpes, Alpi, Alps, Aups |
Alps |
| Awstria |
Österreich |
Austria |
| Gwlad Belg |
België, Belgique |
Belgium |
| Llydaw |
Bertaèyn, Breizh, Bretagne |
Brittany |
| Bwlgaria |
България |
Bulgaria |
| Bwrgwyn |
Bourgogne |
Burgundy |
| Yr Ynysoedd Dedwydd |
Islas Canarias |
The Canary Islands |
| Caergystennin |
Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantiniyye |
Istanbul (Constantinople) |
| Cwlen |
Köln |
Cologne |
| Afon Donaw |
Donau, Duna, Dunaj, Dunav, Дунав, Дунай, Dunărea, Tuna |
River Danube |
| Denmarc |
Danmark |
Denmark |
| Yr Aifft |
مصر |
Egypt |
| Y Ffindir |
Finland, Suomi |
Finland |
| Fflandrys |
Flandre, Vlaanderen |
Flanders |
| Ffrainc |
France |
France |
| Gwasgwyn |
Gascogne, Gasconha |
Gascony |
| Yr Almaen |
Deutschland |
Germany |
| (Gwlad) Groeg |
Ελλάδα |
Greece |
| Gweriniaeth Tsiec |
Česká republika |
Czech Republic |
| Gwlad Iorddonen |
الأردنّ |
Jordan |
| Hwngari |
Magyarország |
Hungary |
| Ynys yr Iâ |
Ísland |
Iceland |
| Yr Eidal |
Italia |
Italy |
| Yr Iseldiroedd |
Nederland |
Netherlands |
Jeriwsalem
(historically Caersalem) |
ירושלם, القدس |
Jerusalem |
| Latfia |
Latvija |
Latvia |
| Libanus |
لبنان |
Lebanon |
| Norwy |
Noreg, Norge, Norga |
Norway |
| Llychlyn |
Skandinavia, Skandinavien |
Scandinavia |
| Lwcsembwrg |
Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg, Luxemburg |
Luxembourg |
| Gwlad Pwyl |
Polska |
Poland |
| Portiwgal |
Portugal |
Portugal |
| Rhufain |
Roma |
Rome |
| Rwsia |
Россия |
Russia |
| Sbaen |
España |
Spain |
| Y Swistir |
Schweiz, Suisse, Svizra, Svizzera |
Switzerland |
| Twrci |
Türkiye |
Turkey |
| Wcráin |
Україна |
Ukraine |
America
Argentina
The Rest of the Americas
Australia and the Pacific
Australia
The Pacific Islands
The Rest of the World
| Welsh name |
Native name |
English name |
| Tsieina |
Zhōngguó |
China |
| De Affrica |
Aforika(-)Borwa, Afrika Borwa, Afrika-Dzonga, Afurika Tshipembe, iNingizimu Afrika, South Africa, Suid-Afrika, uMzansi Afrika |
South Africa |
Sources
- Collins-Longman, Yr Atlas Cymraeg Newydd, ISBN 1-86085-377-3 (1999)
See also